Migratory Behavior of Mallard Ducks Essay Example for Free

Migratory Behavior of Mallard Ducks Essay There are four fundamental decisions that most animals make when it comes to mechanisms of adaptation: where to live, how to gather food, how to avoid predators, and what tactics to use to reproduce (Alcock, 1993). Habitat preferences in animals require satisfying their needs (ignoring or actively avoiding others, nutritional needs to perform growth, development and reproduction) at the same time experiencing higher fitness than those unable to settle in the favored habitat. There were also several hypothesis presented which correlates habitat preference and fitness. The seasonal dispersion of some animals like ducks is a costly business in terms of energetic expenses and risk to exposure to predators. On the other hand, considering dispersal cost, animals that do not respond to dispersion pay the price of deterioration due to the inability to adapt to the prevailing ecological conditions. Considering the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis (Ralls et. al, 1979), on ducks in particular, Mallard ducks may have migrated then for the purpose of expanding their genetic pool by interbreeding with Anas rubipes a close relative of the Anas playrynhos. The costly dispersal of Mallards may have been to avoid inbreeding depression primary of which is to circumvent the expression of damaging recessive alleles resulting from the mating of two closely related mates of the same species. This further correlates with the mate competition hypothesis (Moore and Ali, 1984), which states that males tend to fight against one another for mates therefore looser find it more energy efficient to seek closely related species to which they may successfully mate. When mating season is over, male disperses to avoid their daughters when these female become sexually mature. Animals engage into energetically exhaustive activity trying to complete the course of their journey to attain its fundamental goals. As the animal arrives to its destination, the issue of territoriality always comes to mind whenever a new species is introduced into a new environment and every time the visitor interacts with the native. While other animals ignore or tolerate the presence of a new species in its territory, others are extraordinarily aggressive in defending their territory from intruders. Territoriality among animals contributes to reproductive successes or failure to the contrary which further leads to interspecific competition. If suitable breeding sites really are short of supply, then one should be able to find non-territorial, non-breeding, individuals in populations of territorial animals. If this is so, the niche similarity of the visitors to the native may introduce interspecific competition with the available supplies. Territoriality may also influence the reproductive success of these visitors as it was found by Dhondt and Schillemans (1983). Territorial animals may invade the nesting sites of migratory birds which may lead to decreased viability and clutch. The ability of birds to fly and survive various environmental conditions has led to their development over time. Seasonal migration of mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) has been one of the intriguing aspects of its behavior. This behavior has been influenced mainly by several factors such as foraging (Heitmeyer, 2006), competition (Mc Auley, et al. , 2004), reproductive behaviors (Hill, 1984) which also includes the preservation of nesting sites, and interbreeding (Brodsky, 1989) and seasonal weather conditions (Ridgill, et al. , 1990 in D. Hill, 1992, Whyte Bolen, 1984, Poiani Johnson, 1991). Statement of the Problem From previous articles, it has been reported that Mallard ducks are reoccupying old territories throughout the United States and Canada (Talent, et. al. , 1983). From this observation, it can be inferred that various ecological changes in both habitat and inhabitants may take place. Since mallard ducks in this regard are annual visitors in these habitats, the temporary habitation of previous and new territories may significantly affect native animal species. With the combined hypothesis that Mallard ducks migrate from previously occupied territories due to overlapping conditions which may occupy new territories due to insufficiency of the previous, the study will assess the behavioral patterns of Mallard ducks towards returning to previous foraging territories and establishing new foraging regions (migratory routes) outside of their original habitats, specifically the study will address four major areas of concern. 1. What behavior of the Anas playrynchos determines the suitability of a habitat to be considered sufficient which helps it decide to inhabit previous foraging territories and new regions outside of their original habitats? 2. What behavioral mechanism will the Anas platyrynchos exhibit upon visiting a previous foraging territory and new regions outside of their original habitats if a highly territorial organisms was encountered upon landing? 3. What general behavioral model applies during the interaction of two closely related species (Anas rubipes and Anas platyrynchos) occupying the same niche in terms of: a. Reproductive tactics b. Foraging preferences c. Territoriality 4. What chances that the introduction of less territorial animal may cause significant adaptive stress (competitive stress) to a more territorial species? Hypotheses It is hypothesized that there is no significant differences in the previously reported behavioral mechanisms in Anas platyrynchos that helps it determine to decide on its habitat preferences. Alternatively, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory routes due to impending factors such as avoidance of predators, seasonal weather conditions, reproductive tactics and foraging preferences. Else, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory route or return to previous foraging areas due to certain conditions such as habitat destruction, scarcity of supplies needed to reproduce, and extreme territoriality between natives and migrants. Experimental Design In order to test these hypotheses, the study will be divided into two phases: the in vivo phase and in vitro phase. At the in vitro phase, groups of experimental populations of Mallard ducks will be placed in a study area which will allow observation of significant behavioral patterns relevant to foraging, reproductive tactics/quality such as mate preference, clutch size, egg size and viability, and interspecific competition. Two species of closely related species of ducks the Anas rubipes (native, will be allowed to acclimatize until such time that they one or two reproductive cycles have been achieved) and Anas platyrynchos (introduced species, will be introduced only after the native have been acclimatized well) will be situated in the same habitat which will be observed for close interaction. Behavioral patterns on mate preferences and competitive exclusion will be observed by on-site observation using a hidden observation platform. Foraging preferences will be looked upon by collection and analysis of droppings from both species. Geographical invasion of feeding territories will be looked upon by assigning quadrat areas which will be initially determined by the territorial preferences of both species of ducks. Territoriality will be measured by the number of times the more aggressive native will disturb the nesting sites of the migrants and the instance that the migrant will be driven away from a specific foraging site. Specific effects of such behavior will be measured by performing initial and final biometry of the two species of ducks. Decrease in biometric qualities from both adult and eggs would mean the inability to adapt into such competitive behavior. Possible effects of migrant foraging on native non-avian species will also be observed by recording the feeding activity of non-avian species living along the vicinity which might directly contribute to the promotion or disruption of the food chain brought about by the introduction of a new consumer. To observe the habitat preference of ducks with is natural behavior in its intact natural behavior, the in vivo phase will be done. Radio satellite transceivers will be wing banded on representative Anas platyrynchos through catch and tag method (including the alpha male) that are about to engage into seasonal journey to trace their possible destinations and stop-over. The result will be compared to previous annual migration data (20 years in succession or more depending on the available information) to establish a pattern supporting the behavioral mechanism that the ducks employ in selecting a habitat which sooth their preference. On site visitation of previously reported migration destinations will be surveyed to confirm habitation of previously occupied regions. Ecological evaluation and mapping of visited areas (stop-over and final destination) will be done and compared with other visited areas for specific pattern. Thorough monitoring of migration paths via remote sensing will be followed to confirm if ever there is a change in the migratory route. Conclusions will be based on the assessment of significant differences between the previously reported data and the novel information. Summary All in all, birds may move to various locations for survival. If the prevailing conditions decrease fitness, migratory ducks may move to different locations to continue to find food, reproduce and avoid predation. When the conditions increase fitness, these ducks will then return to their natal site where they will breed and raise their young. It may be that physical conditions and forces that govern the earth’s magnetic poles, hormonal changes, changing weather patterns or other various factors contribute to the birds urge to migrate to their seasonal habitats. For the purpose of this paper, the most important factor to be considered are the consequences to native animals belonging in the same niche brought about by abrupt or gradual changes in migratory routes and the resulting occupation of new or old territories. In the evolutionary perspective, animals are able to adapt into their environment mainly by employing specific behavioral mechanisms that would enable them to perfectly cope. At the event that an animal fails to establish equilibrium with its environment, serious complications arise. The study will better establish significant behavioral patterns in Mallard ducks which enable to blend in and adapt in variable habitats. Such adaptive behavior may serve as a key towards preserving animal species that are in danger of extinction simply because the adaptive behavior is not appropriate for survival. References Cited Alcock, John. 1993. Animal Behavior: an evolutionary approach, 5th ed. Sinauer Associates, USA. 279-379. Dhondt A. A. , and J. Schillemans. 1983. Reproductive success of the great tit in relation to its territorial status. Animal Behavior 31:902-912. Heitmeyer, M. E. 2006. The Importance of Winter Floods to Mallards in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Journal of Wildlife Management. Vol. 70, No. 1. pp. 101-110. Hill, David. 1992. Cold Weather Movements of Waterfowls in Western Europe. The Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 61, No. 1. Feb. , pp. 238-239. Hill, D. A. 1984. Population Regulation in the Mallard (Anas platyrynchos). Journal of Animal Ecology. 53. pp. 191-202. Mc Auley, D. G. , et. al. 2004. Dynamic use of wetlands by black Mallards: Evidence Against Competitive Exclusion. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Vol. 32. , No. 2. pp. 465-473. Poiani, K. A. , Johnson, W. C. 1991. Global Warming and Prairie Wetlands. BioScience, Vol. 41, No. 9. Oct. pp. 611-618. Talent, L. G. , et. al. 1983. Survival of Mallard Broods in South-Central North Dakota. The Condor, Vol. 85, No. 1. Feb. , 1983, pp. 74-78. Whyte, R. J. , and Bolen, E. G. 1984. Impact of Winter Stress on Mallards Body Composition. The Condor, Vol. 86, No. 4. pp. 477-482. Moore, J. , and R. Ali. 1984. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal behavior 32:94-112. Ralls, K. , et. al. 1979. Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science 206: 1101-1103.

Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Share Essay Example for Free

Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Share Essay Littlefield Simulation 2 strategy: Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Share 1 More Next Blog » Create Blog Sign In Littlefield Simulation 2 strategy Sunday, July 17, 2011 Littlefield Technologies Simulation Game 2 strategy Followers Join this site with Google Friend Connect Just went through this last semester. We ended up in first place even though we made a few minor mistakes. First a few links that helped us: There are no members yet. Be the first! http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol5No2/Miyaoka/ http://wordpress.shetgar.com/blog/?p=59 http://www.scribd.com/doc/51139499/Littlefield ­Simulation ­2 ­Report Already a member? Sign in Here is what we did: Pre ­Game Activities: The team met the Tuesday before class to examine the data  and discuss strategies. It was apparent that both Stations 1 and 3 were operating at full capacity, frequently hitting 100% utilization. Station 3 seemed more strained since it had higher queues (Mean=506, STD=498) than Station 1(Mean=187, STD=175). Since the average job lead time exceeded 2 days during days 43 through 46, inclusive, we thought it would be unprofitable to attempt to move to the $1,000 contracts. We discussed the options of altering the lot sizes, but decided that the extra setup time would only create more bottlenecks downstream. About Me Blog Archive HB ââ€" ¼ 2011 (1) View my complete profile ââ€" ¼ July (1) Littlefield Technologi es Simulation Game 2 strateg Stage 1: As a result of our analysis, the team’s initial actions included: 1. Leave the contracts at $750. 2. Change the reorder point to 3000 (possibly risking running out of stock). 3. Change the reorder quantity to 3600 kits. 4. Purchase a second machine for Station 3 as soon as our cash balance reached $137,000 ($100K + 37K). This strategy proved successful and after the second machine for Station 3 was purchased on Day 56 and the queue cleared, we were able to switch to the $1,000 contracts. We occasionally lost a few dollars for being a little late, but we always made more than we would have under the $750 contracts. Stage 2: The next goal was to save enough cash to purchase a machine for Station 1 so that we could switch to the $1,250 contracts. During the cash building stage, we made the inventory order quantity as high as we could afford, which was 6,900 kits at a purchase price of $70,000. When the 6,900 kits were delivered, we switched the order quantity back to 3,600 so that we could purchase a Station 1 machine as soon as our cash balance reached $127,000 ($90K + 37K). After 21 factory days, we were able to purchase the fourth machine for Station 1 and immediately moved to the $1,250 contracts. The average lead time declined to under a half a day during factory days 69 through 76. There was a substantial decline in arriving orders during the same time period. The team noticed the drop in lead time and regrets not having moved to the $1,250 contracts sooner. We lost $22,750 of potential revenue for not moving on the information sooner. On the other hand, orders are random and an early move could have backfired on us. Stage 3: During our preliminary meeting, the team discussed the possibility of purchasing a fifth machine for Station 1. We decided to wait and see if the loss of potential ea  rnings was sufficient to justify a $90 K purchase. We knew that if we were going to buy a fifth machine we should do it as soon as possible to maximize the return on investment. We calculated the loss of potential revenue as ($1,250 – actual average revenues * jobs completed). Our initial estimates showed a potential revenue loss of $266 per day, but within a few factory days the rate of potential loss rose to $419 per day. There is another consideration in the decision to purchase a fifth machine for Station 1. The title of the Littlefield Technologies game 2 is Customer Responsiveness. The title implies that we should be concerned about the consistency with which we deliver on our service level agreements (SLAs). The potential loss of $419 per day barely covers the $90,000 machine purchaseÍ ¾ however we were missing our SLAs 13 out of 15 days and the percent of potential revenues lost due to missing SLAs was 3%. We decided to purchase the fifth machine on Day 94 primarily to improve our customer responsiveness. This strategy did not perform as well as we had hoped. While our potential revenues lost declined to 1%, we were still missing our SLAs six out of seven days. Stage 4. During Stage 4, we explored job splitting as a solution to the SLA problem. First, we split jobs into two batch of 30 kits each. This strategy worked so well that we wondered why we hadn’t explored job splitting during Stage 2 or 3. We met our SLAs 12 out of 16 days and our percent of potential revenues lost declined to 0.4%. We calculated the setup times as a proportion of a

Exploring Geology In Movies Film Studies Essay

Exploring Geology In Movies Film Studies Essay Do you know what geology is all about? Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. the most important part of geology is the study of how Earths materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. What about movies? Have you ever heard about it? Surely all people in the entire world know what movie is. Movie can be defined as a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement but how it is related to geology? Since decades ago a lot of geology-related movies were published. Surprisingly, some of these kinds of movies was so outstanding and became box office. These are some examples of movies that are related to geology. If we are talking about asteroids, there are two most popular movies about asteroid impact which are Armageddon and Deep Impact. Both movies were released in 1998 and it is about a decade ago yet still gets attention until today. In Armageddon, the Space Shuttle Atlantis is destroyed by a meteor shower, while they are fixing a satellite in orbit. The entire crew was died. Then, meteorites bombard New York City and several other parts of the world, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) discovers that an asteroid the size of Texas, traveling at 22,000 miles per hour, will collide with Earth in 18 days and will destroy the planet. It is crystal clear that Armageddon is a geology-related movie since it is about asteroid. Besides, Deep Impact is about the pos sible extinction of human life after a comet is discovered headed toward within a year. Humans have to prepare for their survival as a comet is on a collision course with earth. Unluckily, only eight hundred thousand people were randomly selected to be saved in order to keep the human race alive. Another type of geology-movie is about global change. In 2004, The Day After Tomorrow which is about climate change and in 2003, The Core which is about global magnetism was released. As well as the movie about asteroid impact, this kind of movie is also get great attention from public since the narration of these movies is much related to human being. In summary, The Day After Tomorrow is a look at what the world would look like if the greenhouse effect and global warming continued. The main character of the story is a paleoclimatologist, Professor Jack Hall. A paleoclimatologist is a scientist who studies the ways weather patterns changed in the past and in this movie, he tries to save the world from the effects of global warming while also trying to see his son, Sam, who was in New York City as part of a scholastic competition. At the same time, the city was overwhelmed by the chilling beginnings of the new Ice Age. Meanwhile, Dr. Hall also going against the flow since he is nearl y the only one going north as the others races to south. On the other hand, in The Core, for unknown reasons, the Earths inner core has stopped rotating, causing the planets electromagnetic field to rapidly deteriorate. In order to resolve the problem, government and military officials call upon geophysicist, Dr. Josh Keyes and his crew of five goes down to the central of the Earth. Their mission is to detonate a nuclear device that will reactivate the core by dropping a nuclear bomb. The film Earthquake which was released on 1974 and 10.5 which was released on 2004 are about earthquakes. From the title itself we can guess what is shown in the movie Earthquake. In Earthquake, there are several stories of different people. The main story is about a Construction Engineer, Stuart Graff who is estranged from his wife, Remy, and has an affair with Denise Marshall, the widow of a co-worker. Meanwhile, Remy tries to persuade her father, Sam Royce, who is Stuarts employer, to use his influence to stop Stuart from seeing Denise. Rogue policeman Lew Slade is suspended from the Los Angeles Police Department for having punched an obtuse officer from another jurisdiction. Then, Slade contemplates quitting the police force. Jody, a grocery store manager, lusts after Rosa Amici, sister of Sal, the assistant to Miles Quade, an aspiring daredevil motor cyclist. When a major earthquake rips through Los Angeles, the lives of all these people are devastated. What about 10.5? In a nut shell, 10.5 is a disaster film that wonders what might happen if the Western United States is ever ravaged by unprecedented earthquakes. After one quake on Seattle, another strikes California, this one worse than the first. With scientists speculating that an earthquake registering 10.5 on the Richter scale could be next, the U.S. president enlists the help of a seismologist. His aim is to formulate a plan to prevent the deaths of millions of people. Twister and Night of the Twisters are the films about tornadoes which were released in 1996. In Night of the Twisters, A peaceful Nebraska farm community becomes the setting for an unprecedented disaster when it is struck by a deadly series of strong tornados. The story is told from the viewpoint of a 12-year-old boy, Dan who is forced to overcome his own terror to save the lives of friends and family in the horrifying aftermath. On the other hand, Twister is totally different from Night of the Twisters since the story is about conflict in adults life. The movie begins when Bill, a weatherman goes to have his wife, Jo to sign the divorce papers so he can marry his girlfriend, Melissa. Jo finds a collection of record breaking tornados and Bill follows along, soon his duties shift from divorcing Jo to helping her with record breaking technology to create a better warning system. Volcano and Dantes Peak are the films about volcanism and both of them were released on 1997. What happen in the movie Volcano? After a minor earthquake in Los Angeles, a giant burst of lava is released from the La Brea Tar Pits, resulting in the birth of a new volcano under the city. Scientists noticed that the temperature of a lake rises 6 degrees in 12 hours but government is reluctant to believe them but they learn their lesson when lava begins to spill out into the streets and to destroy buildings and cars. What about Dantes Peak? The film begins with the volcanic eruption in Colombia where volcanologist Dr. Harry Dalton attempts to evacuate with his love, Marianne. As they begin heading out of the town, large pieces of volcanic rocks begin to crash onto the small town, one of which penetrates the vehicle and kills Marianne. 4 years later, Dr. Harry receives a call from his boss, Paul Dryfus to check on a Cascades volcano called Dantes Peak. While the town of the same name is ce lebrating their accomplishment to be number two on the most wanted place to live in the country, he meets Rachael Wando, the mayor of the town and owns a small business of food and drinks. Harry notices tress, animals and even people had died recently near the volcano while he is checking on Dantes Peak. Then, he decided to put Dantes Peak on alert, but people, not listen to him because of no real evidence. For a week, the volcano was not overly active, but then the activity began to increase, just as the town was on alert, Dantes Peak erupts. Another important part in geology is Paleontology. Paleontology is the study of ancient or prehistoric life on earth. Its main goal is to investigate the evolution of plant and animal species as well as the earths ancient ecosystems and climate as a whole. Although concerned with life, paleontology is actually a branch of geology and it is the study of physical nature. Jurassic Park gives an explosive impact to the audience when it was released in 1993 and it is one of the great movies about paleontology. An island full of living dinosaurs had been able to be created by huge advancements in scientific technology. John Hammond has invited four individuals, a paleobotanist, a mathematician and his two grandchildren to join him at Jurassic Park. However, their park visit is anything but disaster as the parks security system breaks down, the prehistoric creatures break out, and no more excitement. It occurs when one of the workers in the park has shut down all the electricity in his atte mpts to steal the dinosaurs embryos. Now, its become a race for survival with everyone located all over the island. Apart from it, The Land Before Time (1988) and Dinosaur (2000) also the examples of geology-related movies in paleontology. Now we can obviously see that a lot of geology-related movies or also known as disaster movies were published since ten years ago until today. Furthermore, most of them were so outstanding and get a great attention not only on the day that they were released but still being watched until today. Apart from that, the film maker seem to compete each other to make the best film ever but it is a fact that scientific accuracy is not generally at the top of their to-do list when making a movie. If we see those movies in the perspective of geology we can see that it is drifting from the real fact of science. For example, it is a fact that two space shuttles cannot be launched simultaneously or, even if we could, they would never fly like a pair of the Navys Blue Angels stunt planes because it isnt safe but we can see it in Armageddon. In addition, it is the fact that space stations orbiting our planet are not refueling ports for deep space missions but contrarily, it happens in Armageddon. I n a nutshell, when it comes to science in the movies, it is really not surprised that the fact that they show is so far from accurate.

Connecting Time, Beauty, and Language :: Borger The Secret Miracle Literature Essays

Connecting Time, Beauty, and Language Our class has been pondering language. People have asked each other, 'do you think in words?' Some have suggested that when we are involved in activities such as chess or tennis, we do not think in words, but rather act from an intuitive space that needs no language. Our class has also been pondering time. We have reminded each other of a paradox that exists in our everyday lives: we cannot be truly in the moment, for as soon as we consciously start trying to be in the moment, we have removed ourselves from the moment. There is the idea of that nebulous, nameless space proposed in both lines of thought which begs to be connected. I am led to questions: Can we connect time and language? In other words, can "being in the moment" in the sense of our perception of time mean that we are finally centered in that wordless space where we act from instinct? I can trace this thread of questioning to a Borges story ("The Secret Miracle") that I love wherein a man is sentenced to death by firing squad. He prays to god to be given enough time to finish his play before he dies, and god freezes time (the shadow of a bee on the stones near his feet remains motionless, and puffs of cigarette smoke from the soldiers' mouths hang immobile in the air). The man cannot move, yet he can think. He spends his time (or his out-of-time) working on his play, and when he finally feels it is done, the normal course of time resumes and he is shot to death. While intense experiences of immersion in a moment may not take this form, Borges creates an interesting commentary on the notion of being in the moment. The man is frozen in the moment in most senses of the word, though he is able to think and to use language to define his situation. The idea that I am working with suggests that it is only when we pull back from a moment that we engage with language in order to describe the activities that were, in a sense, timeless only moments before. The man before the firing squad is given the luxury of both the moment and the ability to reflect on it. This raises another interesting question. If "time" is frozen and no one moves, what kind of scale is the man's mind working on?

Children Are Influenced by T.V. :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Children Are Influenced by T.V.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When children are young, they tend to act different than when they are older. They are not mature yet and are still easily influenced.   Little kids are usually very easily influenced by their surroundings.   Whether it is television, friends, family members, or just plain strangers, everyone and everything are influences on a little kid.   I believe that young boys are usually more easily influenced than young girls.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, one influence that has a major effect on children's behavior is television.   Believe it or not, T.V. plays a big role in how kids act. Shows like the Power Rangers and Beetleborgs can make boys violent and want to fight.   Girls are not so easily influenced by television as boys are. Although there are some girls that want to fight along with the boys, for the most part, girls do not like those types of shows.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with television, children may also be influenced by people they don't know.   Although most children are taught not to talk to strangers, we would be surprised how many actually do.   Studies have shown that both boys and girls do talk to strangers, but boys are more likely to do what a stranger tells them than girls are.   A lot of young boys are easily deceived.   Girls, on the other hand, are more cautious.   Even when girls are young, they are still weary of trusting people they don't know. There are, of course, exceptions to every rule.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, kids are most influenced by their parents and their friends. Because friends and family members are people that kids trust, they tend to want to be like them.   Parents play a big role in a child's life.   If a kid sees his/her parents fight all the time at home, it will probably make the child violent or secluded.   If a kid hears his friends cuss all the time, then he/she will probably start cussing too.   If a child, whether it be a boy or a girl, places a lot of trust in a person, every

Nuclear Power Plants :: essays research papers

Nuclear Plants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question of whether the U.S. should have nuclear power plants is very controversial. There are two sides that one can take; however, both sides have their own share of problems. If you chose to not have nuclear plants, then eventually all natural resources will run out. The oil supply will run out relatively soon, and all other sources will run out too. The natural resources that we have now are still harmful to the earth however. The gas which we use for our cars pollutes the air and considering the amount of cars the are driven each day, it is ripping apart the o-zone layer. However, if the U.S. does decide to use nuclear plants, then there is a great danger of toxic waste invading our rivers, and also the chance of a spill similar to Chernobyl. As we saw in the Chernobyl video, there is great danger when using nuclear energy. If this were to happen is the United States, the risk of mortality is much higher because the area’s in which there would be a plant such as a big city are very densely populated. Because of these facts, I do not think that the U.S. should renew its efforts to develop more nuclear plants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States should put the money which they would have used in order to renew their power plants, and use it to research others ways of receiving power. For example, if the U.S. developed solar power more and made it less costly, as well are more convenient for the average person, then there would be no more problems. In the past century many advances have been made in terms of energy. Power plants became the main source of energy, and towards the end of the century, new advances have been made such as solar power. I predict that in the upcoming century, many new advances will be made which will benefit the human race enormously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If these advances are made, than the U.S. will not have to spend billions of dollars towards building plants but rather use the money for more global issues.

Diagnosis Of Paranoid Schizophrenia Health And Social Care Essay

Simon has a diagnosing of Paranoid Schizophrenia and this is the most common manifestation of Schizophrenia ( Nice 2009, NHS 2009 ) . These symptoms are referred to as â€Å" positive † and â€Å" negative † . The positive symptoms include hallucinations and psychotic beliefs ( Nice 2009, NHS 2009 ) . In Simon ‘s instance these psychotic beliefs are of a paranoid nature where Simon believes that he is being spied on and that the all the wellness professionals are conspiring against him. The negative symptoms are more apparent in the prodromic phase, the early oncoming of the acute phase of the unwellness. These negative symptoms include concentration jobs, apathy and societal backdown, all of which Simon experienced particularly the societal backdown ( Townsend 1999, NICE 2009 ) . As a affair of class Simon ‘s head-shrinker should be contacted and informed of the state of affairs. This being done with a position to them go toing with Simons General Practitioner and an Approved Mental Health Professional ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . This would so represent the make-up of a full exigency mental wellness appraisal squad ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . When this has been done the appropriate governments, viz. the constabulary, can be informed and asked to go to besides. Their function as a peace keeper and to derive entree is imperative to enable the mental wellness professionals to speak to Simon, and if necessary perform a mental wellness appraisal ( W.A.G 2008 ) . The nurse should put on the line assess the state of affairs to estimate the sum of possible danger, if any, that Simon and others could be in, due to Simons actions ( Wetherell 2001 ) . If the hazard to Simon is assessed as high, due to him one time once more leveling the electrics, so because of â€Å" best involvement † and â€Å" necessity † in coaction with the go toing squad, the constabulary can be asked to measure the demand to derive exigency entree ( P.A.C.E 1984, M.C.A 2005 ) . The constabulary could utilize the powers of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( 1984 ) sec 17 ( 1 ) ( vitamin E ) , after advising Simon of the ground, to forcibly come in Simons place as in the instance of Baker v Crown Prosecution Service ( 2009 ) . The constabulary though have to be certain that something serious had happened or was about to go on as in Syed v Director of Public Prosecutions ( 2010 ) .This subdivision provinces that it would be appropriate for the constabulary to come in as it is imperative in â€Å" salvaging life or limb or forestalling serious harm to belongings † ( P.A.C.E 1984 ) . Bing that Simon has stopped leveling the flats electrics a more considered attack could perchance be used. It is recommended though that any intercession be the least restrictive ( M.H.A 1983 ) . Due to this and in the involvement of a collaborative attack it could be an thought if the head-shrinker or approved mental professional could try to prosecute with Simon and seek his cooperation ( N.I.C.E 2009, Barker 2007 ) . This would do deriving entree easier, as it would so be accepting entree, and it would cut down any â€Å" anxiousness † and â€Å" fear † that Simon may digest. Thomas, Cutting and Hardy ( 2004 ) emphasis that if the patient distrusts their nurse they are less likely to accept aid. Mc Cabe and Timmins ( 2006 ) point out that the focal point of communicating ought to be patient centred. This is of import in developing and keeping the curative relationship between Simon and his carers ( Peplau 1997, Rogers 1957, Barker 2007 ) . While Nichols ( 1993 ) found that developing a curative relationship with a patient can help the intervention of patients, and aid pat ients cover with a assortment of unwellnesss and upsets. Even though a less restrictive intervention way is recommended it is argued that the curative relationship would be hindered whilst Simon ‘s paranoia is in the dominance ( Johnstone et al, 1986, N.I.C.E 2009 M.H.A 1983 ) . To assist Simon with this positive symptom it would profit Simon, and aid battle with the nursing squad, to re-start Simon ‘s antipsychotic medicine ( N.I.C.E 2009, Perkins et al 2005 ) . The usage of coercion could be the ground behind Simon ‘s misgiving of nurses and his non harmony ( Kaltiala-Heino et al 1997, Bracken and Thomas 2001 ) . This fright could besides be a symptom of station traumatic emphasis upset, brought on by old forced admittances ( Meyer et al 1999 ) . The wellness systems usage of the jurisprudence to hale could hence be viewed as traumatising, negative and damaging to Simons hereafter intervention harmony ( Monahan et al 2001, Bracken and Thomas2001 ) . With relationship in head the nurse could take a low profile attack due to Simon ‘s paranoia driving his misgiving ( N.I.C.E 2009 ) . If one of the squad did manage to derive Simons trust, and Simon did hold to the least restrictive class of action, that being, one of an informal admittance to an ague psychiatric infirmary. It could be argued that due to the nature of Simon ‘s unwellness this would be short lived and Simon would non remain or accept intervention from the nursing squad ( N.I.C.E 2009 ) . Therefore the mental wellness capacity of Simon should be taken into history every bit good at this phase so that his admittance does non go improper, as in the instance of Bournewood NHS Trust ( ECHR 2004, M.C.A 2005 ) . This is because under common jurisprudence informal patients have two basic rights. The first is that they may go forth infirmary whenever they like and secondly that they may decline to accept any signifier of intervention that they do non desire ( Hogge t 1996 ) . Given so this highly complex and potentially volatile set of fortunes the Approved Mental Health Professional could, after measuring Simon ‘s behavior, use to the Magistrates Court for a subdivision 135, to derive entry ( M.H.A 1983, W.A.G 2008 ) . The magistrate has to be satisfied that Simon is enduring from a mental upset as defined in the Mental Health Act 1983.The Magistrate besides has to be satisfied that there is a sensible cause to surmise that Simon has been, or is being, abused, neglected or kept otherwise than under proper control, in any topographic point within the legal power of the justness or is populating entirely and unable to care for himself ( M.H.A 1983 ) . This would, if the warrant was granted, let the constabulary to coerce entry if necessary, so that a full and formal mental wellness appraisal could be carried out ( M.H.A 1983, W.A.G 2008 ) . It is non purely a necessity though to hold to transport out an appraisal instantly on the use of a subdivision 135 warrant ( M.H.A 1983 ) . The constabulary so have the power to transport and keep Simon for 70 two hours in a â€Å" topographic point of safety † , which could be an acute psychiatric infirmary ( M.H.A 1983, W.A.G 2008 ) . Once things have settled down and are less nerve-racking for Simon, a full mental wellness appraisal with the aforesaid squad, Psychiatrist, General Practitioner and an Approved Mental Health Professional could be undertaken ( Peplau 1997, Rogers 1957, Barker 2007, Nichols 1993, W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . On finishing the mental wellness appraisal, the measuring squad demand to make up one's mind the best class of action to suite Simon ‘s currant needs. This determination would finally be made by the Approved Mental Health Professional who has measure the societal and medical grounds presented ( W.A.G 2008 ) . They would hold to make up one's mind whether to acknowledge Simon under a subdivision of the mental wellness act 1983 and which subdivision would outdo enable the nurses to handle Simon ‘s symptoms and construct a curative relationship, section2 or the more restrictive subdivision 3 ( W.A.G 2008 ) . If the two physicians agree that Simon is enduring from a mental upset, and that this is of a nature or to a grade that, despite his refusal to travel to infirmary, he ought to be detained in infirmary in the involvement of his ain wellness, his safety, or for the protection of others, they can finish a medical recommendation signifier and give this to the Approved Mental Health Professional ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . If the Approved Mental Health Professional agrees that there is no other alternate but to confine Simon in infirmary, an application signifier bespeaking that the infirmary directors detain the individual could be completed ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . Simon ‘s period of appraisal in infirmary could so lawfully get down. Consensual intervention whilst under this Section, such as medicine, is permitted but can besides be given against Simon ‘s wants under Section 2 appraisal orders, as observation of response to intervention is considered portion of the app raisal procedure ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . This subdivision would compulsorily acknowledge Simon for a period of 20 eight yearss upon which it expires and can non be renewed ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . Simon will hold the right to appeal against this subdivision and can use to a Tribunal during the first 14 yearss ; the Tribunal should so take topographic point within seven yearss of the application ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . The chief determination would be how to ease intervention given that Simon is unwilling to prosecute with the nursing squad. With this in head, the other possibility unfastened to the Approved Mental Health Professional is mandatory entree of Simon using Section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983 ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . This Section is a intervention order, and can ab initio last up to six months ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . It can so, if needed, be renewed after six months, the following order lasts up to six months and each subsequent order lasts up to one twelvemonth ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . If Simon is admitted under Section 3 he may appeal to a Tribunal one time in a six month period ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . The hearing normally takes topographic point within six to eight hebdomads of the application. One major difference is that for Section 3 intervention orders, the physicians must be clear about Simon ‘s diagnosing and proposed intervention program, and be confident that â€Å" appropriate medical intervention † is available for him ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . Most interventions for mental upset can be given under Section 3 intervention orders, including injections of psychoactive medicine such as major tranquilizers. However, after three months of detainment, either the Simon has to accept to their intervention or an independent physician has to give a 2nd sentiment to corroborate that the intervention being given remains in the individual ‘s best involvements ( W.A.G 2008, M.H.A 1983 ) . In decision, given these utmost fortunes the mental wellness professionals need to continually hazard assess his behavior to safeguard Simon. If Simon ‘s behavior alterations and, through leveling the electrics, seting himself in danger, so the constabulary could utilize their powers of entry. Bing that Simon is moderately settled though using a Section 135 is the path directed by the Mental Health Act. The Mental Health Team already know Simon from old successful intervention waies, hence he is presently populating in the community. So the demand for appraisal and diagnosing does non imminently exist. Even though the usage of coercion may be worsening Simon ‘s paranoia it is necessary to acknowledge Simon utilizing Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. This would enable the squad to instantly re-start Simon on his antecedently identified intervention way. Once this has been achieved and Simon ‘s symptoms have become more manageable for Simon the curative relationship can be rebuilt and strengthened. The nursing squad can collaboratively work with Simon to place what led to this backsliding and with Simon construct a hereafter program to place backsliding signatures and discourse any jobs Simon has, if any, with his medicine government.